ABSTRACT
Kidney function parameters were evaluated in plasmodium berghei infected mice treated with crude methanol extracts of Azadirachta indica leaves in this study. A total of forty (40) male albino mice inoculated with quinine resistant strains of plasmodium berghei were randomized into nine (9) groups of (4) animals each while four additional mice serve as the uninfected control group. Group 1 was treated with tween 80, group 2 treated with 10mg/kg chloroquine while groups 3,4, and 5 were treated with 10mg/kg of chloroquine combined with 100,150 and 200mg/kg doses of crude extract Azadirachta indica. Groups 6, 7 and 8 were treated with graded doses of crude extract while groups 9 and 10 were treated with 1.14/6.85mg/kg artemether lumenfantrin and tween 80 respectively. All treatment began from day 3 and continued to day 5. Antimalarias activity was determined by taking blood smear from the tail on day 3 before treatment commences and on day 6 and 9. Results showed a dose dependent increase in chemosuppression and parasitaemia clearance by day 9 in the groups treated with CQ-extracts when compared to group 2 treated with CQ .There were significantly decrease in urea concentration (P>0.05) when compared with ALCTRL and CQCTRL. Creatinine concentration also decreased significantly (P<0.05) when compared with ALCTRL and CQCTRL respectively. While uric acid concentration were elevated but not significant (P<0.05) when compared with ALCTRL and CQCTRL. The findings of this study suggest that the methanol extract of leaves of Azadirachta indica in combination with CQ reversed quinine resistance with attendent reduced toxicity to the kidneys.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgments iv
Table of contents v
Lists of tables viii
Lists of figures ix
Lists of appendices x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1Justification 3
1.2 Scope of study 3
1.3 Aims of study 4
1.4 Objectives of study 4
1.5 Significance of the study 5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 6
2.1 Malaria 6
2.2 Artemisinin Based combination Therapy 7
2.3 Botany of Azadirachta indica 8
2.3.1 Taxonomy of Azadirachta indica 8
2.3.2 Origin and habitat of Azadirachta indica 9
2.3.3 Description of Azadirachta indica 10
2.3.4 Ecology/ Cultivation of Azadirachta indica 11
2.3.5 Traditional used of Azadirachta indica 12
2.3.6 Pharmacological activity of Azadirachta indica 12
2.3.6.1 Immunostimulant activity of Azadirachta indica 12
2.3.6.2 Antiulcer activity of Azadirachta indica 13
2.3.6.3 Antifertility effect of Azadirachta indica 13
2.3.6.4 Antimalarial activity of Azadirachta indica 14
2.3.6.5 Antibacterial activity of Azadirachta indica 15
2.3.6.6 Antidiabetic evaluation of Azadirachta indica 15
2.3.6.7Antioxidant activity of Azadirachta indica 16
2.3.7 Phytochemical activity of Azadirachta indica 16
2.4 Kidney function parameters 17
2.4.1 Urea 18
2.4.2 Uric Acid 18
2.4.3 Creatinine 19
2.4.4 Creatinine clearance 19
2.4.5 Glomerular Filtration rate 19
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method 20
3.1.0 Materials 20
3.1.1 Chemicals 20
3.1.2 Equipment 20
3.1.3 Plant materials 21
3.1.4 Parasite 21
3.1.5 Animals 22
3.1.6 Drugs 22
3.2.0 Methods 22
3.2.1 Experimental design 22
3.2.2 Extraction of plant materials 23
3.2.3 Administration of extracts and drug 23
3.2.4 Parasite density determination and inoculation preparation 24
3.2.5 Antimalarial assay of the plant extract 24
3.2.6 Determination of percentage parasite suppression 24
3.2.7 Collection of blood samples 25
3.2.8 Determination of kidney function parameters 25
3.2.8.1 Determination of plasma urea 25
3.2.8.2 Determination of plasma creatinine 26
3.2.8.3 Determination of plasma uric Acid 26
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result 28
4.1 Results of mean percentage parasitaemia and parasite suppression 28
4.2.1Result of kidney function parameters 29
4.2.1 Results of mean plasma urea concentration 29
4.2.2 Results of mean plasma uric Acid concentration 29
4.2.3 Results of mean plasma creatinine concentration 30
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 36
5.1 Discussion 36
5.2 Recommendation 38
5.3 Conclusion 38
Reference
Appendices
